The Enlightenment in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Enlightenment in America - Research Paper Example American enlightenment started in the 18 century. It reached the country through the port cities. At the beginning of the enlightenment period, only the elite had embraced the new ways of thinking. Famous philosophers spread enlightenment ideas throughout the country during that time. An example of the philosophers was Benjamin Franklin. He spread ideas using cheap materials such as pamphlets and newspapers. The enlightenment ideas started in Europe, but Europeans took a long time to implement the ideas because they had to discuss the implementation of the ideas. Americans adopted the ideas faster than Europe. They started to question the relevance of kings and churches in the era. This resulted into the introduction of the new theology which the educate elite in the society named the rational Christianity1. The rational Christianity theology influenced people from different religions in the society to tolerate each other. This is because new theology made them to accept the idea that God gave human the ability to think rationally. This increased humans’ understanding that enabled them to live according to the moral teachings without considering their religious backgrounds. This made many Americans to embrace Deism that was a belief that is influenced by reason instead of religious teachings like in the past. This belief held that our Creator made the world and the natural laws that are meant to maintain it. It is the duty of humans to ensure that they maintain the world using the natural laws. In the past, people in the country believed that humans were guided by God’s supernatural powers. However, during the enlightenment period, people started to believe that humans are guided by their reasoning ability. The ability is a gift that God gave them, but not supernatural pow ers. Thomas Jefferson was among those who embraced the new philosophy. The beliefs led to the introduction of new laws aligned with the

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay As regrets had taken place and thoughtfulness had also entered his mind. Another place that Scrooge was brought to that night was a Christmas Eve party that Scrooges old boss had thrown and the spirit enlightens Scrooge on the fact that everybody was joyful, happy and merry and what the spirit told Scrooge was that this party must have come to three or four pounds back then and Scrooge had realised that the happiness is as such as though a fortune had provided it but this was not the case as is was not a fortune that was needed for this joy. This is Scrooges first recognition of the value of money. The Second Spirit The description of the second spirit is of a large, fat man in a robe sitting on a throne with delicious food surrounding him. Through this Dickens outlines Scrooges greedy nature in the present moment. As this spirit brings Scrooge through where he lives they see the bakers and Scrooge asks whether there is a peculiar flavour in what the spirit sprinkles from his torch and the spirit replies, There is. My own Scrooge then asks if it would apply to any kind of dinner on this day and the spirit replies, To any kindly given. To a poor one most. Scrooge asks why and the spirit tells him that the poor one needs the dinner the most. This must have made Scrooge realise that this is true and that he had not realised. Another part of this chapter that moves Scrooges feelings is when he is reminded of the evil words he has spoken from the Christmas Eve, which is, If he be like to die, he had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. The spirit says these words to Scrooge at a time where they are visiting the Bob Cratchits household. After hearing the spirits words Scrooge begins to feel remorse and shame. At this time Scrooge is feeling more and more emotional and he is also feeling sympathetic for those he has hurt during the holidays and especially for Bob Cratchit his employee after hearing the way Bob speaks of him with great respect unlike the way his wife does, Mr Scrooge! Said Bob. Ill give you Mr Scrooge, the founder of the feast! these few words tell us that Bob has recognition of the fact that the meal in front of him wouldnt be there if it wasnt for Scrooge himself. How Mrs. Cratchit speaks is different, I wish I had him here. Id give him a piece of my mind to feast upon, and I hope hed have a good appetite for it on which one drinks the health of such and odious, stingy, hard, unfeeling man as Mr Scrooge. Mrs. Cratchit obviously knows exactly how Scrooge is or maybe how he used to be. Towards the end of the second spirits time Scrooge is brought to his nephews Christmas party that Scrooge was invited to but unfortunately Scrooge had turned down his nephew to go home instead. While Scrooge is at the party he hears more of how people speak of him behind his back but this time it is his own nephew, I am sorry for him; I couldnt be angry with him if I tried. Who suffers by his ill whims? I mean to give him the same chance every year, whether he likes it or not, for I pity him. What his nephew says here must of got to Scrooge for sure. Right at the end of this paragraph there is a time at which the spirit unveils to children from his robe and he describes the little boy as ignorant and the little girl as poor. From Scrooges mouth he tries to say that the children are fine children but the words choke themselves. Scrooge cannot deny the fact that the children were not fine and had a bad personification. Just as the spirit leaves Scrooge he leaves Scrooge with the words, Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses? which is also what Scrooge had said at his shop on Christmas Eve to a couple of charity workers. I now noticed that it was all backfiring at Scrooge all of his bad ways in the past had started coming back to him and he then gets a vision in his mind of when Marley had visited him just before the third spirit arrives to him. The Third Spirit The first glimpse of information that you gather about the third spirit is that the spirit is a phantom gliding along like mist which is as though it is taken out of a horror movie, lifting up his eyes, beheld a solemn Phantom, draped and hooded, coming like a mist along the ground towards him. This is what would make somebody very scared especially as it during the night as all of the spirits visit him within the night of Christmas Eve and Christmas Day as Marley tells Scrooge so, Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls One Expect the second on the night at the same hour. The third, upon the next night when the last stroke of twelve has ceased to vibrate. The description of the Phantom is that of the Grim Reaper, It was shrouded in a deep black garment, which its head, its face, its form, and left nothing of it visible. This description makes me certainly feel that this Phantom resembled death by every means of its appearance and also that this last visit had something to do with death. After a visit from Marley, the first Spirit showing past and the second showing present Scrooge was very keen on listening in carefully to the third spirit a phantom showing him his future. It is almost as if this phantom was sent last to really make Scrooge learn his lesson as it is obviously intimidating Scrooge. The phantom could have been sent to scare the last bit of hatred out of Scrooge to make him pure in his mind, Scrooge feared the silent shape so much that his legs trembled beneath him I fear you more than any spectre I have seen. Scrooge is definitely seeing this is a great privilege for him to have this phantom as you read, I know your purpose is to do me good I am prepared to bear your company The night is waning fast, and it is precious time to me. What Scrooge says in this lines that I have targeted is very assuring that he knows what is to come of himself if he does not pay attention and he especially lets us know this when he says that his time is precious and this allows us to know that Scrooge does not want to end up like Marley but wants to have a better afterlife. A dreadful place that the phantom brought Scrooge to, was a conversation involving two women that knew the late Scrooge before he died. Scrooge is brought to two women talking of Scrooges ways before there was time to change, Every person has a right to take care of themselves. He always did why wasnt he natural in his lifetime? The reason he is in italics is because this is how it is in the book and the reason for that is probably because when one of the women were talking about Scrooge they probably emphasized he very much. What they also ask about him, that why wasnt he natural shows for a moment that they could have had care for Scrooge but this isnt true for two reasons and one is because they speak of him badly the rest of the time and they had also robbed Scrooge of his goods after he died and placed them in bundles, if I could have laid my hands on anything else. Open that bundle, old Joe, and let me know the value of it. This is as if there is no care in the world for Scrooge even as though they waited for him to die just to take him for what he has. Another example of horrid speaking of Scrooge is still from the same woman saying, He frightened everyone away when he was alive, to profit us when he was dead. This shows us that it was as though they waited for his death to occur. Scrooge was realising that this is not the correct way to be thought of after dying as he says to the phantom, I see, I see. The case of this unhappy man might be my own. My life tends that way now. Merciful heaven, what is this. Scrooge almost prays there to beg for forgiveness because of the life he has led, one. These visits and more from this phantom has most definitely shown Scrooge what he is walking himself into and at the end of this chapter and the end of this phantoms visit the phantom shows Scrooge a grave with Scrooges name written upon it and Scrooge had just caught on to the fact that the man he visited that was dead was him and the women thieving the man where thieving him, Am I that man who lay upon the bed? The fact that this is a question shows us is was as though Scrooge did not want this to be true. The final assurance that Scrooge has changed is right at the end of the chapter when Scrooge says himself, I am not the man I was. I will not be the man I must have been but for this intercourse. Why show me this, if I am past hope? I will honour Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year. I will live in the past, the present, and the future I will not shut out the lessons that they teach. Oh, tell me I may sponge away the writing on this stone! The reason I have written so many quotes here is because they are all valid for my point that Scrooge is begging for forgiveness for his past ways and that he promises he will changes and has changed. He begs that the gravestone is not to be his and he tells the phantom that he has had his lesson taught. I know knew that Scrooge had changed for the better and this is purely because he had been visited by the three spirits and Marley; this took time and gradually built more and more guilt into Scrooges mind and this is the main reason why Scrooge changed. Conclusion Throughout analysing the story and each individual spirit we see the growth of Scrooge. Overall Dickens has written a provoking story, in his use of spirits and flashbacks creating a drastic change within Scrooge. The reader almost feels a sense of relief at Scrooges achievement as you are confident it will be for the better. The power of making Scrooge regretful is carried out effectively. Dickens sums up the story with the last chapter The End of it sparking the idea that at the end of something there is a new beginning which is exactly what happens. Scrooges misery is brought to an end and his happiness is shared with everyone, leaving the reader to believe that it is possible for any one to change.

Writing to About My English Classes Essay -- Writing About Writing

I am writing to you to tell you more about the English class I am taking at State University. You know how I always have troubles in English essays? Well, today I am delighted to tell you that my writing has improved significantly after taking the English 101 class conducted by Professor Rob Geis. I enjoyed this class very much and I would like to share with the both of you how I have learnt to use writing and reading for inquiry, thinking, and communicating in English. The ten weeks of English class has been interesting and fruitful, I have learnt a lot of writing and reading skills that have indeed helped me in improving my English. For our Project One, we were required to write about an experience of how we successfully persuaded another person. Before I started writing, my teacher, Professor Geis taught the class how to write rhetorical compositions, she gave us many articles that are of good examples. We were taught in class the rhetorical strategies for persuasive compositions- the ethos, pathos and logos. I learnt that ethos means the characters in the composition, pathos means the emotions expressed by the composition and lastly logos means logic of the composition. In addition, Professor Geis discussed with us the words that people sometimes misused, for example some people would confuse the word advice and advise. In particular, I have learnt that in order to write a good essay on persuasion, I have to include the process of persuasi on in the essay in order for the audience to understand. Moreover, professor has kindly shared with us a few model essays from other students. In my Project One essay, I wrote about the process of how I successfully persuaded mum to allow me to change my major and also to study... ...ave learnt to use exploratory writing to present my research findings and rhetorical analysis to explain my research question and purpose. Overall, I have learnt to become a better research paper writer through Project Two. The ten weeks of English 101 classes have been rewarding for me, I am now better at communicating with my audiences in writing and using writings and readings to support my thoughts and ideas. Looking back at my two projects, I think I have done well in constructing my ideas and organizing the ideas into the essays. Areas I need to improve on are sentence structures and creative writing skills, which are things I definitely hope to be able to learn in ENGL 102. That is all for what I am going to write today. Hope you are happy to hear about my improvements in English. Write me back when you are free. Hope to talk to you again soon.

Introduction to Marketing M1 and D1

Introduction to Marketing – Comparing Marketing Techniques in H&Meting Techniques in Hollister and Primark For this assignment I was meant to write about Primark and Hollister. I am still basing part of my assignment on Primark. But, I have changed Hollister to H & M as I was unable to find any information on Hollister The information I found on Hollister the background I couldn’t find anything about aims and objectives and how Hollister market the business. The information I found on Hollister Hollister is an American lifestyle brand.The concept of Hollister was originally designed to attract customers between the ages of 14 to 18 as there prices are lower than the parent brand. Hollister clothing line was inspired by the parent brand SoCal. Hollister products are available in store across the world and online. Hollister was the second most preferred clothing on a list West Coast companies in 2008. The businesses I have chosen for this assignment are Primark and H&M. H &M Primark is an Irish clothing retailer, in Ireland Primark is known as Penneys.Primark have different store all around the world such as Portugal, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands United Kingdom and Belgium. Primark’s main headquarters are in Dublin. Primark first opened in 1969 on Mary Street in Dublin. Primark’s mission statement: â€Å"To supply quality clothing at prices perceived to offer real value. † Primark’s aims and objectives are: * To provide good quality products to customers. Primark want customers to know that they are an excellent company which provide good products for low prices. Primark achieve this by doing tests on their clothing and product to examine the quality of the goods they sell. Profit Maximisation * To sell products and clothing at reasonable prices. Primark want their customers to have a variety of clothing and product at suitable prices. Primark well achieve this aim by looking at what other high street store are selling and make their prices lower so they stay ahead of their competition. * To be helpful and friendly to customers and other employees. The customer of Primark like the atmosphere at Primark and service given this well make them to come back so therefore Primark well gain repeat customers. Primark will achieve this by greeting the customer as they walk in.By doing this Primark employees create an excellent atmosphere for customers as the greeting makes them feel welcome. * To treat everyone the same. A customer at Primark needs to feel that they are treated the same as any other customer at Primark. If a customer feel they are being treated differently to someone else they are more likely to shop somewhere else so therefore Primark well lose customers because the customer who thinks they were treated unfairly will tell their family and friends about their experience at Primark so word of mouth well have an impact on Primark.H & M’s mission statement: The aims and objectives of H & M are: H&M aims: * To show appreciation. * To encourage long-term commitment. * To promote future recruitment. * To strengthen H&M as an attractive employer. H&M have three mean marketing objectives the three objectives are: * To make the H&M brand name more well known by doing more promotion example more advertising. The H&M brand need to be more outstandingly outside of significant cities. In the USA more people are unaware of what H&M offer.So to gain more customers and beat their competitors H&M are advertising the brand in different way compared to their competition example H&M membership. If you are a member of H&M you can get text messages and email informing customers about the newest product H&M have. The H&M brand need to be well known as the more people know about the brand, the easier it is to expand such as more stores in more countries. * To focus on the fact which H&M’s regular sale prices are usually lower than their competitors.The second objective of H&M i s to focus a percentage of the advertising to the fact that H&M average sale prices are more regularly lower than their competition. H&M rely on nonstop focus on cutting cost. Also the officials in H&M buy the materials as cheaply as possible; H&M also need to keep their overheads low. All the advertisements focusing on H&M’s low price but good quality products. This helps keeps the H&M’s brand image in a positive light among their teenage customers while still stating that they are good value for money. To use economic slowdown as a possibility to expand by obtaining more low – cost venue and prepare for future economic growth. H&M want to expand in the USA by securing low cost venues. As the economic property market gets worse H&M which leases it’s will find it more straightforward acquiring prime locations at excellent period. This will give H&M an advantage when the property market picks back up. H&M use the opportunity to expand to low – price d venues for the future climb in the brand There are similarities in the way Primark and H&M market their products for example jeans.Primark market their new collection of jean on the internet by having â€Å"pop up† advertisements on line for example on if you have an email contact sometimes there are advisements. H&M advertise the same way as Primark but they also have television advertisements advertising for example a new pair of jeans. Also if you’re a member of the H&M you get emails to your email address informing the receiver about any new collections. Primark do give got leaflet or fashion books with the season’s current fashion in which can be found at the store.H&M do give their customer leaflets and booklets informing them of the season current fashion which H&M sell in store. For example the leaflet or booklet could be about all the different types of jeans H&M sell. It is also type advertising. If Primark were to give their customers leaflets and b ooklets they would gain more customers. H&M do competitions but H&M customers are only allowed to enter the completion once they have spent a certain amount of money at their store or on line.Primark don’t do competitions as their purpose is to gain customers by selling products cheaply. H&M give out vouchers to their customer and also do discounts at the end of season on their clothing this is a great marketing strategy because the customer knows that H&M want to make a profit but they also take the customers The two marketing tools Primark and H&M use are Market Penetration and Market Development. Market penetration is used in Primark and H&M. For example Primark and H&M sell clothing such as jeans tops dress coats jackets e. . which are existing products to existing markets. Using market penetration is a marketing strategy which the aim is that Primark and H&M Primark and H&M both use market development because the aim of market development is to sell existing products int o new markets. Primark and H&M have opened store around the world. H&M also distribute clothing in different ways. Example they have an order before 3pm and you get the product you ordered the next day. You can also order online and collect at the store which is local to you.Market development is a dangerous strategy compared to market penetration because market development target new customers and markets. To conclude this report I think that branding and (something else) are need in Primark and H & M in order for the business to be successful. Marking strategies are key in business in order to give the business structure. Introduction to Marketing – The Effectiveness of Marketing Techniques used by H&M Market penetration are customer know purchase a product.For example if someone was to purchase a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M . The market would be people in the UK who like limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M would grow by the rising number of people in the m arket who have bought the dress at H&M. Market development is when a business sells an existing product to new markets such as new customers. So in the example of the a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M could sell limted edtion Anna Dello Russa Rangein America.The product wouldn’t have changed, the prouct is just being sold to a different market to different customers. One of the advantages of using market penetration is that H&M would offer lower prices for a specified period to attract new customers. The customers might not respond when the normal price returns. But during that period they will get more customers. A disadvantage of using market penetration is that it could result in reduced profitability. As when using market penetration H&M reduce pricing meaning they may result in profits being low.If H&M were to launch a new range the result in sales may not cover the adversiting coasts and distribution costs. As market penetration seeks to achieve four main obj ectives what are: * To maintain the market share of current products. * Secure dominance of growth markets. * Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors. * Increase usage by existing customers. The advantage market penetration is that it can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and personal shopper.H&M do all of the strategies listed above they adviste on telvision and online and in local area by posters. For the more high end people they even offer a personal shopper service. H&M use market penetration to adviste the business to make it more known for example when H&M advertise they are letting there customers know what products they are selling H&M uses another objective of the market penetration to their advantage by increase usage by existing customers by having a loyalty scheme.H&M offer a store card to their customers when their customers use the store card they get discounts on certain products in the shop. * It identifies what customers want. Market development indenties what customers want. Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: * New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country * New product dimensions or packaging: for example New distribution channels (e. g. moving from selling via retail to selling using e-commerce and mail order) * Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Market development is a more risky strategy than market penetration because of the targeting of new markets. The advantage of using market development is that H&M sell products such as clothing that all ready exists to new customers/ markets. Another advantage of market development is that H&M are selling clothing to new customers in different countries.The disadvange of doing th is is that ecomic changes can happen in the countries which H&M have expand to meaning that they will therefore may lose money and their share holders divident can go down. The disadvange of using market development is that it is risker than using market penetration. The reseach I did to come to the conclusion I have made can be found on these websites and in the books listed below: Bevan, John; Coupland-Smith, Helen; Dransfield, Rob. BTEC Level 3 National Business, Book 1. http://www. penetrating. net/ http://www. s-m-i. net/pdf/Business%20strategyntro. pdf Introduction to Marketing M1 and D1 Introduction to Marketing – Comparing Marketing Techniques in H&Meting Techniques in Hollister and Primark For this assignment I was meant to write about Primark and Hollister. I am still basing part of my assignment on Primark. But, I have changed Hollister to H & M as I was unable to find any information on Hollister The information I found on Hollister the background I couldn’t find anything about aims and objectives and how Hollister market the business. The information I found on Hollister Hollister is an American lifestyle brand.The concept of Hollister was originally designed to attract customers between the ages of 14 to 18 as there prices are lower than the parent brand. Hollister clothing line was inspired by the parent brand SoCal. Hollister products are available in store across the world and online. Hollister was the second most preferred clothing on a list West Coast companies in 2008. The businesses I have chosen for this assignment are Primark and H&M. H &M Primark is an Irish clothing retailer, in Ireland Primark is known as Penneys.Primark have different store all around the world such as Portugal, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands United Kingdom and Belgium. Primark’s main headquarters are in Dublin. Primark first opened in 1969 on Mary Street in Dublin. Primark’s mission statement: â€Å"To supply quality clothing at prices perceived to offer real value. † Primark’s aims and objectives are: * To provide good quality products to customers. Primark want customers to know that they are an excellent company which provide good products for low prices. Primark achieve this by doing tests on their clothing and product to examine the quality of the goods they sell. Profit Maximisation * To sell products and clothing at reasonable prices. Primark want their customers to have a variety of clothing and product at suitable prices. Primark well achieve this aim by looking at what other high street store are selling and make their prices lower so they stay ahead of their competition. * To be helpful and friendly to customers and other employees. The customer of Primark like the atmosphere at Primark and service given this well make them to come back so therefore Primark well gain repeat customers. Primark will achieve this by greeting the customer as they walk in.By doing this Primark employees create an excellent atmosphere for customers as the greeting makes them feel welcome. * To treat everyone the same. A customer at Primark needs to feel that they are treated the same as any other customer at Primark. If a customer feel they are being treated differently to someone else they are more likely to shop somewhere else so therefore Primark well lose customers because the customer who thinks they were treated unfairly will tell their family and friends about their experience at Primark so word of mouth well have an impact on Primark.H & M’s mission statement: The aims and objectives of H & M are: H&M aims: * To show appreciation. * To encourage long-term commitment. * To promote future recruitment. * To strengthen H&M as an attractive employer. H&M have three mean marketing objectives the three objectives are: * To make the H&M brand name more well known by doing more promotion example more advertising. The H&M brand need to be more outstandingly outside of significant cities. In the USA more people are unaware of what H&M offer.So to gain more customers and beat their competitors H&M are advertising the brand in different way compared to their competition example H&M membership. If you are a member of H&M you can get text messages and email informing customers about the newest product H&M have. The H&M brand need to be well known as the more people know about the brand, the easier it is to expand such as more stores in more countries. * To focus on the fact which H&M’s regular sale prices are usually lower than their competitors.The second objective of H&M i s to focus a percentage of the advertising to the fact that H&M average sale prices are more regularly lower than their competition. H&M rely on nonstop focus on cutting cost. Also the officials in H&M buy the materials as cheaply as possible; H&M also need to keep their overheads low. All the advertisements focusing on H&M’s low price but good quality products. This helps keeps the H&M’s brand image in a positive light among their teenage customers while still stating that they are good value for money. To use economic slowdown as a possibility to expand by obtaining more low – cost venue and prepare for future economic growth. H&M want to expand in the USA by securing low cost venues. As the economic property market gets worse H&M which leases it’s will find it more straightforward acquiring prime locations at excellent period. This will give H&M an advantage when the property market picks back up. H&M use the opportunity to expand to low – price d venues for the future climb in the brand There are similarities in the way Primark and H&M market their products for example jeans.Primark market their new collection of jean on the internet by having â€Å"pop up† advertisements on line for example on if you have an email contact sometimes there are advisements. H&M advertise the same way as Primark but they also have television advertisements advertising for example a new pair of jeans. Also if you’re a member of the H&M you get emails to your email address informing the receiver about any new collections. Primark do give got leaflet or fashion books with the season’s current fashion in which can be found at the store.H&M do give their customer leaflets and booklets informing them of the season current fashion which H&M sell in store. For example the leaflet or booklet could be about all the different types of jeans H&M sell. It is also type advertising. If Primark were to give their customers leaflets and b ooklets they would gain more customers. H&M do competitions but H&M customers are only allowed to enter the completion once they have spent a certain amount of money at their store or on line.Primark don’t do competitions as their purpose is to gain customers by selling products cheaply. H&M give out vouchers to their customer and also do discounts at the end of season on their clothing this is a great marketing strategy because the customer knows that H&M want to make a profit but they also take the customers The two marketing tools Primark and H&M use are Market Penetration and Market Development. Market penetration is used in Primark and H&M. For example Primark and H&M sell clothing such as jeans tops dress coats jackets e. . which are existing products to existing markets. Using market penetration is a marketing strategy which the aim is that Primark and H&M Primark and H&M both use market development because the aim of market development is to sell existing products int o new markets. Primark and H&M have opened store around the world. H&M also distribute clothing in different ways. Example they have an order before 3pm and you get the product you ordered the next day. You can also order online and collect at the store which is local to you.Market development is a dangerous strategy compared to market penetration because market development target new customers and markets. To conclude this report I think that branding and (something else) are need in Primark and H & M in order for the business to be successful. Marking strategies are key in business in order to give the business structure. Introduction to Marketing – The Effectiveness of Marketing Techniques used by H&M Market penetration are customer know purchase a product.For example if someone was to purchase a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M . The market would be people in the UK who like limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M would grow by the rising number of people in the m arket who have bought the dress at H&M. Market development is when a business sells an existing product to new markets such as new customers. So in the example of the a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M could sell limted edtion Anna Dello Russa Rangein America.The product wouldn’t have changed, the prouct is just being sold to a different market to different customers. One of the advantages of using market penetration is that H&M would offer lower prices for a specified period to attract new customers. The customers might not respond when the normal price returns. But during that period they will get more customers. A disadvantage of using market penetration is that it could result in reduced profitability. As when using market penetration H&M reduce pricing meaning they may result in profits being low.If H&M were to launch a new range the result in sales may not cover the adversiting coasts and distribution costs. As market penetration seeks to achieve four main obj ectives what are: * To maintain the market share of current products. * Secure dominance of growth markets. * Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors. * Increase usage by existing customers. The advantage market penetration is that it can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and personal shopper.H&M do all of the strategies listed above they adviste on telvision and online and in local area by posters. For the more high end people they even offer a personal shopper service. H&M use market penetration to adviste the business to make it more known for example when H&M advertise they are letting there customers know what products they are selling H&M uses another objective of the market penetration to their advantage by increase usage by existing customers by having a loyalty scheme.H&M offer a store card to their customers when their customers use the store card they get discounts on certain products in the shop. * It identifies what customers want. Market development indenties what customers want. Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: * New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country * New product dimensions or packaging: for example New distribution channels (e. g. moving from selling via retail to selling using e-commerce and mail order) * Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Market development is a more risky strategy than market penetration because of the targeting of new markets. The advantage of using market development is that H&M sell products such as clothing that all ready exists to new customers/ markets. Another advantage of market development is that H&M are selling clothing to new customers in different countries.The disadvange of doing th is is that ecomic changes can happen in the countries which H&M have expand to meaning that they will therefore may lose money and their share holders divident can go down. The disadvange of using market development is that it is risker than using market penetration. The reseach I did to come to the conclusion I have made can be found on these websites and in the books listed below: Bevan, John; Coupland-Smith, Helen; Dransfield, Rob. BTEC Level 3 National Business, Book 1. http://www. penetrating. net/ http://www. s-m-i. net/pdf/Business%20strategyntro. pdf

Software Engineering Assignments

1.For each of the following documents, indicate in which phse(s) of the software life cycle it is produced: final user manual, architectural design, SQA plan, module specification, source code, statement of work, test plan, preliminary user annual, detailed design, cost estimate, project plan, test report, documentation.2.Order the following tasks in terms of the waterfall model: acceptance testing, project planning, unit testing, requirements review, cost estimating, high level design, market analysis, low-level design, systems testing, design review, implementation, requirement specification.3.How does a phased life cycle model assist software management?SOFTWARE METRICS1.What is McCabe’s cyclomatic number? Determine the same for:2.In Halstead’s metrices, what is the significance of : (i)operators and operands (ii)potential operands, (iii)Length (iv)Estimated length (v)Volume (vi)Potential volume (vii)Implementation Level3.How is effort and time calculated in Halstead method?4.Why is the number of decisions + 1 an important method for calculating McCabe’s cyclomatic no.? (Ans: It would be very time consuming to have to construct the control flow graph for large programs).5.Why is monotonicity an important characteristic of a size or effort metric such as Halstead’s effort metric? (Ans: If adding more code can cause the value of the effort metric to decrease, then the metric’s behavior is not understandable. It may also mean that the metric is manipulated).6.Why is complexity not readily measurable? (Ans: Complexity is not well defined and each one has different interpretation. It is interaction between person and code that makes it difficult to define). 7.Calculate McCabe’s complexity on the following source code. Draw a control flow graph. Read x,y,z;Type = ‘scalene’; If(x= =y or x= =z or y = =x) type = ‘isosceles’; If(x= =y or x= =z) type ‘equilateral’; If(x> =y+z or y > =x+z o r z>= x+y)) type ‘not a triangle’; If(x< =0 or y< =0 or| z

Primary objective of management

Primary objective of management Introduction Milton Friedman’s claim that management’s main objective should be to expand shareholder wealth is misleading. It does not fully embrace certain business dynamics such as shareholder roles, obligations to other stakeholders, the moral minimum, effectiveness of the legal system, as well as sustainability of nonfinancial interests.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Primary objective of management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The essay will discuss shareholder roles, the legal system, existence of other stakeholders, morality and plausibility of other objectives. More than shareholder wealth Scholars know Milton Friedman for believing in free enterprise; consequently, it is not a surprise that he advocated for the primacy of shareholder wealth (Wilcke 2004). He believed that such a goal was symptomatic of the freedoms and rights that cause voluntary exchange and economic success. However, Mi lton and his supporters may have ignored certain crucial elements of business that do not relate directly to shareholder wealth. First, Milton assumed that managers and shareholders are entirely separate entities (Husted Salazar 2006). In today’s business arena, entrepreneurs have so many business structures to choose. Some entrepreneurs may form limited liability firms, public corporations or partnerships. Depending on the structure chosen, a manager may also double as a shareholder and thus perform duties that extend beyond Friedman’s narrow limitation of management’s duties. Friedman’s interpretation of their role was a contractual obligation that placed them at the mercy of their shareholders (Wilcke 2004). He did not consider the fact that some managers may sometimes perform executive decisions on the basis of their equity in the firm. Some of them may decide how capital investments occur or engage in public relations. This implies that managers can be concerned with more than just shareholder’s value if they have practical ownership of an organisation. In this light, management has another key objective that it ought to consider; social performance (Husted Salazar 2006). As such, one can question Friedman’s assertions about the primary objective of management.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One can also criticise Milton’s ideas based on the roles and responsibilities of shareholders, as well. In Freidman’s articles, he assumed that shareholders were permanent, or at least interested in the long term interest of the firm. However, this is not always true; plenty of investors can buy and sell shares without attending shareholder meetings or weighing in managerial/ operational activities (Nesteruk 1990). Most stock markets in the world have stockbrokers who do not consider other in tricate aspects of a business before buying their stock. Theirs is to dwell on price and the immediate benefits they can get from the deal (Nesteruk 1990). As a result, company shareholders can change drastically within a short time. Management would be confused about whose wishes to follow if they focused solely on these shareholders’ interests. The internet age has made stock trading a common practice for inexperienced and short term traders. Companies would be overwhelmed if they tried to meet the needs of people who can come and go as they wish. Managers need to focus on more sustainable approaches to business through a shift to more long-term stakeholders (Wilcke 2004). This unpredictable behaviour of shareholders makes Friedman’s arguments difficult to practice, thus rendering them invalid. The assumption that shareholders’ needs come first because they are the owners of the business is also not consistent with today’s practices (Ghoshal 2005). Mode rn firms have complicated ownership arrangements at any one time. Unlike a real property owner who purchases and uses property as he or she sees fit, business owners (shareholders) do not have a claim over certain corporate asserts. Theoretically, one can treat shareholders as owners, but when one analyses shareholders’ duties carefully, one finds that shareholders do not fit into the ownership mould perfectly (Ghoshal 2005). First, because shareholders appoint managers to act on their behalf and make decisions for them, then managers may have significantly more discretionary power in the company than shareholders. Ownership and control are totally separate in the business environment. This means that shareholders do not possess all the characteristics required to grant them ownership. Shareholders do not make an actual impact on corporate decisions. They are merely beneficiaries of proper decisions. Consequently, their needs should not be the only point of focus for manageme nt.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Primary objective of management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The issue of morality also neutralises this scholar’s arguments on the primary objective of business. If businesses follow Friedman’s assertions about focusing solely on profitability, then they would be reducing corporate morality to nothing more than their legal obligations. If their shareholder needs cause consequences that the law does not govern, then corporations would not be concerned about them. This perspective gives company executives too much power. According to Freidman, an executive who acts as a bureaucratic machine may make as much money as possible so long as the person does not act deceitfully or break the law (Cosans 2008). Friedman’s views fail to encompass the complex nature of morality and thus miss out on an important aspect of business objectives. When Freidman made his ass ertions about the primary objective of management, he had a lot of confidence in the legal system as well as the marketplace. His assumption was that the market had its own way of correcting imbalances in business. Furthermore, the law would ensure that business entities meet their respective obligations. However, the marketplace and the law have numerous flaws that allow disreputable managers to go about their business; this makes Milton’s theory shaky (Post 2003). One of the flaws lies in the degree of punishment that a corporate manager is eligible to when he or she acts wrongfully. Most of the time, judges will expect companies to pay only small amounts of money for their mistakes. Furthermore, law enforcers do not hold managers personally accountable during punishment. As if this is not enough, regulatory schemes designed to protect entities in business are sometimes inconsistent and difficult to implement. This means that management may get away with unfair conduct. Eve n the inherent nature of these laws impedes their effectiveness. Sometimes laws can become so complicated that managers themselves are not sure whether they should follow the law or not. Legislators are in charge of creating these laws, and sometimes a number of them may pursue their own interests when enacting them (Post 2003). Businesses must then surrender control to these self-seeking legislators. Since all the above flaws exist in the development of legal mechanisms, then one must question the ability of the system to protect business interests effectively. The law itself is not adequate enough to ensure that corporate managers behave responsibly. Therefore, companies must take it upon themselves to become socially responsible.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This implies that they should not merely focus on maximisation of shareholder interests as their sole objective. Friedman’s assertions rested on the premise that the marketplace and the law were enough to regulate behaviour, yet this is not true. Unless companies have their own sense of responsibility, then financial prosperity alone will not be adequate. Management’s primary objective differs from Milton’s assertions because managers are not responsible to company owners alone. Employees and customers are other stakeholders that management owes an allegiance (Ghoshal 2005). A firm may choose to increase its wage bill or shrink its working hours purely for noneconomic reasons. This may be done in order to foster a sense of belonging with the organisation. Firms may choose to implement environmentally friendly work policies so as to foster a sustainable business environment; these are all illustrations of CSR. Corporate responsibility, therefore, becomes a crucia l part of conducting business. It implies that profit seeking may not be the primary objective (Wilcke 2004). When management merely focuses on profit maximising activities for shareholders, then it reduces itself to a short-sighted entity. If a company chooses to increase work days for employees, it may not be serving shareholder interests, but it will work towards improvement of the business climate. Corporate social responsibility is a response to the uncertainties that companies have to deal with in this highly dynamic, interconnected and technologically advanced world (Van Beurden and Gossling 2008). A relationship exists between long term profitability and business interests. Smith (2003) explains that companies can easily avoid legal sanctions if they embrace corporate social responsibility. They can also gain sustainable advantage if they do the same. Employees now look for firms with strong values. If a business has a strong belief in CSR, then it can gain sustainable advan tage over its peers through sourcing of better employees. Smith (2003) also adds that companies, which focus on other stakeholders other than shareholders, have the benefit of attracting exceptional talent. They can also enhance their business reputations. These are long term objectives that cannot be achieved if managers merely focus on expansion of shareholder wealth. In line with the latter point, a company owes allegiance to more people than just the shareholders. Customers’ demands are just as critical as any other expectations from share holders (Van Beurden and Gossling 2008). Buyers now expect firms to engage in sustainable business practices (Smith 2003). In other words, they require them to be competent corporate citizens. Since companies are crucial entities in society, then they need to embrace their responsibilities. They now know about business operations and demand more from various firms. For example, customers will research about the sourcing practices of a c ompany, such as Mecca Espresso quite seriously. If they realise that the company gets its coffee from countries which use child labour, then they may boycott the company’s products. Alternatively, if a clothing franchiser like Gucci employs sweatshop labour to produce its items, then customers may lobby against the use of their products. In this regard, social actions are just as significant as financial success to a corporation. In fact, rising consumer expectations have caused most companies to expand their primary objectives from financial ones to social ones (Van Beurden and Gossling 2008). Firms can enjoy the benefit of having a loyal consumer base if they do more than maximisation of shareholder wealth. The enlightenment of consumers has caused buyers to become crucial determinants of corporate policy, thus becoming other contributors to the objectives of doing business. Counters to Friedman’s critics believe that shareholders are different from employees and cus tomers, so equal treatment should not be expected (Post 2003). These advocates of shareholders’ interests affirm that, unlike suppliers or workers, whose contracts commit them to the company, shareholders have no such arrangements to protect them. They add that contracts are always subject to renewal thus allowing these stakeholders to renegotiate the terms of their agreement (Shaw 2009). Privileges accorded to other entities neutralise the benefits associated with being shareholders (Post 2003). However, what these advocates of Friedman’s theory do not realise is shareholders have privileges that other groups do not possess (Post 2003). Shareholders can appoint directors as they see fit. Furthermore, they can sell their shares and abandon a certain company if its performance dissatisfies them. Employees cannot jump from one firm to another as easily as shareholders do because jobs are hard to get. Suppliers have minimal control over their clients’ activities. O ther stakeholders do not posses the same rights that shareholders possess; consequently, management should not try to compensate for their lack of contractual coverage by making shareholder interests their primary objective. Failure to acknowledge other stakeholders in the business environment may cause companies to engage in business practices that have adverse consequences in society. This is because firms may focus only on finance and ignore other equally vital components of business, such as ethics. All firms have a moral minimum that they must uphold in business (Smith 2003). For example, obsession with profit seeking among companies contributed to the global recession. Organisations were willing to perform extreme acts in order to expand shareholder wealth (Bejou 2011). Many of these companies got carried away by short terms gains and failed to think about the long term repercussions of their actions. It was this short-sightedness that eventually led to their demise and distur bances in society, as well. Companies owe their communities some degree of allegiance (Nesteruk 1990). It is also in a firm’s best interest to take care of its community in order to enhance sustainability. Failure to acknowledge the importance of this group may eventually cause unwanted effects upon the business entity. For instance, some companies generate immense profits and hand out generous bonuses to their executives. However, by years end, these firms have also left minimal rewards to their constituents. Some of them have had to close down their businesses owing to the frustrations of their employees or other stakeholders (Bejou 2011). Corporate social responsibility provides a much needed balance in the corporate world because it gives companies a human side. If all organisations were to stick to Milton Friedman’s assertions about financial obligations, they would become cold and uncaring. Businesses would become nothing more than money-making machines with litt le concern for the humans that are the real purpose of the organisations existence. If companies only dwelt on maximisation of shareholder wealth, they would not act with integrity or follow the principles of corporate governance. At least, companies ought to prevent social injury, and when it has occurred, they should try to correct it (Smith 2003). Friedman’s perspective does not encompass the importance of business growth or innovation. Growth has the potential to enhance company profits, as well as society’s wellbeing in general. Therefore, it is smarter to seek growth as an objective rather than shareholder wealth alone (Ahlstrom 2010). A company that frequently innovates will introduce the market to cutting edge products; as a result, the company will become financially successful and also provide numerous benefits to the market. Social goals such as creation of new jobs and generation of enormous profits in business are just some of the many benefits of business growth and innovation. Essentially, communities with highly innovative firms tend to experience better standards of living over time (Ahlstrom 2010). Even economic growth can occur in a country if businesses concentrate on growth as a primary objective; a company that accurately illustrates this point is US Steel. It was the leading steel maker in the US during the early 1990s. At the time, smaller steel mills introduced an innovation that entailed the use of mini mills. It was a revolutionary product that pressured US Steel into adopting their mini mills. Accountants who believed in Freidman’s concerns for financial gain advised the company against it. They instead told them to dwell on their respective upmarket clientele. At the time, the stock market appeared to reward US steel through better equity rewards. However, with time, the smaller entrants began improving their mini mills and eventually altered US Steel’s dominance of the upmarket category. The company fai led to embrace growth and innovation, and this led to attrition of its market share (Ahlstrom 2010). One may assert that their failure stemmed from too much emphasis on profitability and minimal regard for innovation. More effective primary objectives like striving for business growth and innovation exist. Companies would put themselves in a greater position to succeed if they pursued this goal instead of focusing on profitability alone. Perhaps another way one can know that Milton Freidman’s assertions are not all encompassing is through case studies. Practical cases of social responsibility and financial success prove that profitability is not the only objective for businesses. Some of the most profitable organisations are also some of the most sustainable. This implies that they are not merely concerned about shareholders’ wealth. Firms like Coca Cola, Honda, and Adidas are among the most internationally sustainable institutions, yet they still satisfy shareholder n eeds by yielding substantial results (Jensen 2002). Their success is indicative of the fact that companies no longer see shareholder needs as their only objective. These firms have embraced and practiced obligations to other entities. Conclusion Companies can be profitable but still engage in wrong decisions; it is not enough to dwell on financial returns exclusively. Basing one’s decision solely on profits will not guarantee social responsibility, yet the phenomenon is imperative both for the benefit of society and business. Furthermore, a firm has several constituent groups such as suppliers, employees, communities and clients whose needs ought to be acknowledged. Companies can get a greater competitive advantage if the dwelt on more than their shareholders’ needs. A balance between a firm’s needs and others’ needs ought to be maintained in order to foster a degree of maturity in the industry. Opponents to Milton Friedman do not disregard the importance of financial success within an organisation; however, they do not think that it is the only plausible objective. Focusing on other objectives, in addition to shareholder needs, leads to more sustainable results. References Ahlstrom, D 2010, ‘Innovation and Growth: How Business Contributes to Society’, Academy of Management, 7 August, pp 11-24. Bejou, D 2011, ‘Compassion as the New Philosophy of Business’, Journal of Relationship Marketing, no. 10, pp 1-6. Cosans, C 2009, ‘Does Milton Friedman Support a Vigorous Business Ethics?’ Journal of Business Ethics, no. 87, pp 391-399. Ghoshal, S 2005, ‘Bad management theories are destroying good management practices’, Academy of Learning and Education, vol. 4, pp 75-91. Husted, B Salazar, J 2006, ‘Taking Friedman Seriously: Maximising Profits and Social Performance’, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 43 no.1, pp 76-91. Jensen, M 2002, ‘Value maximisation, stakeholder theory and the corporate objective function’, Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 12, pp. 235-247. Nesteruk, J. 1990, ‘Persons, property, and the corporation: A proposal for a new paradigm’, DePaul Law Review, vol. 39, pp. 543-565. Post, F 2003, ‘A response to the social responsibility of corporate management: A classical critique’, Business Law, vol. 18 no. 1, pp 80-88. Shaw, W 2009, ‘Marxism, Business Ethics, and Corporate Social Responsibility’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 86, pp 565-576. Smith, C 2003, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: Whether or How?’ California Management Review, vol. 45 no. 4, pp 52-76. Van Beurden, P Gossling, T 2008, ‘The Worth of Values – A Literature Review on the Relation Between Corporate Social and Financial Performance’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 82, pp 407-424. Wilcke, R 2004, ‘An Appropriate Ethical Model for Business and a Critique of Milton Friedmanâ€⠄¢s Thesis’, The Independent Review, vol. 9 no. 2, pp 187-209.

How was world war 1 won by the allies essays

How was world war 1 won by the allies essays How was World War I won by the allies? The first world war must have been one of the greatest technological period in the decennia , and one of the most cruel because they did not yet know what they had found out for example mustard gas ,the tanks and their rifles, which caused great loses on both sides of the war. I will answer the question How was WWI won by the allies? I will discuss what I think what was the most important event in 1916, 17 and 18. In February 1916 the Germans captured strategic points, the French forts where first to fall. Both sides gave all , the French and the Germans attacked and counter attacked each other until one finally the French army got so thin and scattered that the Germans where closing in. But the English came to help and planned an attack on the Somme; a 1.25 million people had died. Including the best, most experienced soldiers and officers from Germany. This was seen as an expensive failure, but now we see it as an event that had an influence on the end of the war. Also new tactics like, the creeping barrage, the artillery ambush and the tank, where developed and used by the Allies, because the artillery became more and more accurate. In 1917 the creeping barrage where brought into plan. This was a unit of soldiers moving forward slowly behind a barrage of artillery, and when retreating from up marching German soldiers the Germans would be hit by the artillery, this was only possible by the accuracy of the artillery. The Germans introduced the submarines because they suspected that USA was supplying the French and the English with food and other goods, they not only sank military boats but also passengers boats, this raged the Americans and declared war on the Germans in 1st of April. The Americans send troops but not enough yet they still didnt h ...

How to Search and Find the Lines From Poems Online

How to Search and Find the Lines From Poems Online Whether a lover of poetry cant get a specific line out of their head or simply can’t remember the whole poem theyre thinking of, finding the text of a poem can be easy and quick. Sometimes, finding the right line or words is especially important, like when preparing for sentimental or milestone events, like a memorial service or wedding. Dont know where to start to find your favorite poems? 10 Steps to Find the Words From Poems Online In less than 20 minutes, poetry seekers can likely locate the text of any poem they are thinking of. Gather information. First, it is important for seekers to gather everything specific they know about the poem by either taking a mental note or writing it on paper. This information may include bits and pieces, like the poet’s name, exact title (or words they are sure are in the title), phrases or entire lines from the poem, and unique or unusual words contained in the poem.Find a reputable website. Chances are, just putting the line fragment that you remember into a search engine will come up with several possibilities, but if you want to be able to identify the right words, you should seek a reputable source. The Poetry Foundation is a good place to start; if you know the poets name look for websites that are dedicated to them.Use the websites search bar. If the site you found that contains the poet’s works has a search function, poetry seekers can try using it to find the title, title words, phrase or line they remember by simply typing in this information.Visit the website. When the search bar fails, poetry seekers may go to the site’s page, which is most likely to contain what they remember about the poem. For example, if you only remember phrases or lines from the body of the poem, visiting the table of contents might be of great assistance. Activate the browser search function. If you find a page with poems on it, Use â€Å"Control-F† to activate the browser’s search function. Typing in the exact word or phrase will allow seekers to see if the poem is contained on that page. Repeat this step on other likely pages for best results.Go to a text archive. When youve forgotten the name of the poet, but remember that the poem is a classic, a text archive can help. Specifically, seekers can  go to major poetry text archives, which have internal search capabilities. Searches like â€Å"Classic Poetry Text Archives† will bring this up quickly. It is important for seekers to  follow search instructions in this step, as  each archive site will have specific steps to take when using the search bar.Google it. If all else fails, poetry seekers can choose a search engine that will allow them to search for web pages containing an entire phrase in order. Search engines like  Google, Yahoo, and Bing! can be o f assistance. This is a particularly good option when poetry seekers have  no idea who the poet  is but are sure of the title or a specific phrase. Even just a few unique words from the poem can help: and if you find it on a site you dont trust, you may find more to inform your search, like the name of the poet. Put phrases in quotation marks. In the search box, seekers can type the specifics they remember by enclosing whole phrases in quotation marks. For instance, â€Å"fog comes† â€Å"cat feet† will locate Carl Sandburg’s poem containing the line, â€Å"The fog comes / on little cat feet.†Modify the search. Depending on the results, varying the search could be helpful. This may include adding specific words or phrases when the search generates too many pages and eliminating the words or phrases that do not result in enough pages.Reach out to fans. Ask well-read poets and poetry fans from various communities and forums about the poem. For example, seekers can post a description of the poem they are looking for. Even if specific lines are forgotten, the experts may be able to help find it. Tips for Online Poetry Searches If search engine results include  topical pages about keywords, for instance, cats or weather  in the case of the Sandburg poem above but no poems, seekers can try adding words like  Ã¢â‚¬Å"poem† or â€Å"poetry† to search words. When seekers have searched for the whole line in quotes and get nothing back, they may have misremembered the line. For instance, â€Å"fog comes in on little cat’s feet† locates two pages in which Sandburg’s poem is misquoted, but not the poem itself. Seekers can try different forms of the words they remember when they are uncertain. For instance, â€Å"cat feet† â€Å"cat’s feet† â€Å"cats’ feet† can be tried in successive searches.

Solar power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Solar power - Essay Example solar power market (Clean Energy Group and Smart Power 10).The solar power market has grown in the recent past but more needs to be done to sensitize consumers on its existence. One of the ways to ensure that solar power is attractive to individual consumers is by launching an advertising campaign based on solar energy’s characteristics. The unique features of solar such as it is the most abundant source of energy should be taken advantage of by advertisers. A television or radio commercial will appeal to a larger portion of the market. The prospective consumers who watch or listen to television or radio will be reached. There several ways through which United States government make solar power affordable to its citizens. The first on is offering subsidies to solar power companies. This would consecutively reduce the costs of producing solar panels, translating into lowered prices for solar panels, as well as, acquisition, and installation (Sunhot n.p). This would make solar power affordable to the citizens and more competitive in the market. Secondly, United States’ government needs to establish and implement policies that are favorable for solar power improvement and development. Lastly, the government needs to encourage research, creativity, economies of scale, and better technological solar systems that will sequentially reduce production costs (Office of energy efficiency and renewable energy n.p). The effectiveness of solar energy is, however, subject to discussion. The major limitation to its effectiveness is the fact that, solar can only produce power during the day which can further be reduced by cloud cover. Secondly, materials used in making solar panels, cadmium and lead, are considered harmful (Zachary n.p). When disposing solar panels one needs to be keen not to expose cadmium to the soil, to prevent it from leeching into the underground waters. Lastly, currently the costs of installing solar arrays for an entire home might be costly. This

Government intervention in the market for various agricultural Essay

Government intervention in the market for various agricultural products - Essay Example This situation may especially prevail when foreign agricultural products are allowed indiscriminately into the market (Dommen, & Mabbs-Zeno,  1989, 98). The government is therefore sometimes forced to maintain a tough balancing act between a free market economy and intervention when the need arises in this particular market to prevent the adverse extremities from occurring (Rothbard, 2008). This paper discusses the circumstances under which such a government intervention can take place with particular reference to the case of the United States of America. Factors Resulting in Government Intervention in the United States The United States government has for long been involved in attempts to enhance profitability in farms through deliberate policies and programs. This is usually done through measures such as regulation, protection of trade, promotion of products and price control and support of income. The government controls the types of food produced, the volume in which they are p roduced, the volume exported and those imported. ... Interestingly, this money came from taxes imposed on the same agricultural sector. The jury is still out on whether the attempt to create jobs is really succeeding considering that the same money taken from farmers in the form of taxes could be used by the same farmers to create jobs. This argument has however not deterred the government from bulldozing on with this policy (Robbins, 1976,  144). The problem with taxation is that it pushes prices of commodities up thus eroding the buying power of the consumer. However, this has to be counter-balanced with the reality that poor quality products that do not adhere to health standards also push up medical bills for the same consumers who complain if prices of commodities go up. The government prefers higher health standards rather than very low food prices (Dommen, & Mabbs-Zeno,  1989, 98). The dynamics of government taxation and the prices of commodities are best expressed in figure 1 below. Figure 1 Change of Equilibrium Due to Tax s tax s 1 P r i p tax c p 1 e (p) D q tax q 1 Quantity (q) In the figure above, the old price [p1] increases due to tax [p tax] while to old quantity [q1] decreases to a smaller amount [q tax]. As a result of these changes, the old supply curve [s1] shifts vertically to the new one [s tax]. Note that the difference between p1 and p tax. This difference is equal to the amount of tax levied which the sellers pass on directly to the consumers (Plott, 1982, 1485). The consumers are therefore left with the option of buying the old quantity at a higher price or a smaller quantity at the old price. The net effect of this taxation is that less of the particular product is sold than before since in many cases the buyers will opt

Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Organizational Behavior - Essay Example Globalization to organizations has many constructive and dynamic features related to improved market access, increased capital as well as better access to technology and information that leads to greater income and employment opportunities. Globalization to organizations presents an opportunity for free trade and the resulting effects of global economy, with free trade leading to increased financial flows. Globalization creates transnational regulatory frameworks, which ensures that organization have the opportunity of tapping into the full potential of global networks because the networks are responsible for the welfare of both nations and the global community. Sharing resources between organizations in a global stage both formally and informally through cooperation and collaboration result in benefits that go beyond what an individual organization can accomplish on its own. Recent advances in technology facilitate intra and inter-organizational communications that are coupled with increased recognition of such organizations in the global society. Through globalization, organizations are faced with the opportunity of increasingly accessing diverse products, services and even technology. Through pooling of knowledge and exchanging more goods as well as services increases domestic economies and offers organizations an opportunity to benefit from technological developments. A combination of these opportunities to organizations means that organization have the opportunity of increasing their volume sales since there is increased growth rate of GDP as well as the empowerment of people through acquisition of additional resources and capital (Monsod, 2000). Globalization offers a complex and interwoven puzzle for organizations since product development needs to go hand-in-hand with supply chain management in individual nations. Moreover, global environment is not always

Islam in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Islam in Business - Essay Example Fiqh muamalt is the study of financial and economic transactions from an Islamic outlook which is a branch of Islamic jurisprudence that is related with commerce and residual economic activities. For Islamic economic concepts, Arabic phrases are employed and shariah compliant financial products are very popular in the Islamic business circle. Shariah offers guiding norms for day-to-day living for a Muslim but following the same is a matter of belief and conscience and not of enforcement by governments. In the majority of the Islamic nations, Islamic banking is only a matter of preference and the only Muslim country in the World, i.e. Iran has made rules that all banks must adhere with fiqh muamalt under Usury Free Banking Law that was introduced in 1983. Fatwa refers to the rulings given by Shariah scholars and these are given through reasoning by scholars and endeavoring to apply fiqh to present financial and economic transactions and this process is known as ijtihad and in real pra ctice, this needs interpretation of contractual deeds concerning financial transactions and economic activities and making sure that it is unfailing with shariah. (Wilson 177). This research essay dwells into how Islamic practices apply in business, economics and banking (commercialism, profiteering, loans & interest, partnerships, etc) and how Islam dictates one conducts oneself in business in a detailed manner. Islam and Business Muslims are permitted to engross in trade and business as long as it is lawful and not detrimental to either society or the economy. Islam also permits to acquire wealth through business and however, a Muslim should not have any pride in his wealth. Further, in Islam, greed and miserliness are regarded as sins. A Muslim is considered to be only a temporary guardian of any wealth that he acquires as all wealth is the belongings of Allah. Islam expects that business is run on the moral principle, and it shuns fraud, dishonesty, misrepresentation and deceit in business. Dealing in illegal goods (haram) is prohibited in Islam. Islam also prohibits lotteries. Gambling and business linked with distribution and sale of alcohol. The following are some of the prohibited business activities under Islam. Price manipulation Price gouging and Hoarding by artificially reducing supply of products, especially food products. Government price control initiatives except in some unavoidable scenarios. Interference in the free markets Buying stolen property Cultivating plants like hashish and poppy and raising pigs. Business profits that are generated through halal (legal) business activities are permitted and not any haram (illegal) business activities. A Muslim is needed to respect his business debts. (Khan 1999). The fundamental principle is that Muslims are permitted to purchase whatever he needs like products that Allah has allowed from both Muslims and kaafirs. It is to be noted that Allah himself purchased products from the Jews. However, if a Mu slim avoids purchasing goods from another Muslim for no good reason like bad products, high prices or deceit goods , then that will be considered as harram. Doing business with Kaffirs mean reducing business with the Muslim and thereby obstructing Muslims to sell their products or to make the success in their business efforts. (Abdul -Rahman 7). The one who proscribes the goods of the Kuffaar mean that they are waging an endless war with the Islam, intending thereby to manifest the truth

Environment and Health Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environment and Health - Speech or Presentation Example The most advisable way to produce quality food is to grow our crops and animals in an organic manner in our farms. Meaning, we will grow our crops and animals without using GMOs, chemicals and antibiotics in this country (www.gov.uk nd). It may be more expensive to do this but the government can help by providing financial assistance to our farmers. The public can help by willing to buy these quality organic food at a slightly higher price so that it would be economically viable for farmers to grow quality organic crops and animals. The second option is to import quality foods in countries from our neighbouring countries. We have to set our expectation that we cannot import from far flung countries because quality foods that are organic have shorter shelf life. Fruits can be imported as they have longer shelf life compared to vegetables. Making the food and farming industry more competitive while protecting the environment. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2015, from

Assess the role of law, and determine its importance,compare key Essay

Assess the role of law, and determine its importance,compare key arguements in the writting of thomass hobbes and john locke - Essay Example It is the contrasts observable in the philosophical arguments that form the basis of this analytical essay on the importance and role of law, with a view to reaching a credible conclusion. Introduction The concept of the role of law has been presented differently by different scholars. While there is a general agreement on the role and importance of law in the society, the philosophy behind this concept differs according to different scholars. There is a general agreement that the fundamental role of law is to maintain order in the society, through the protection of the basic rights of individuals (Collins, 2005 p42). In a society where people are living together, it is inevitable to develop rules of conduct that guide the relationship and interactions between the people. While such rules of conducts may be developed and applied differently by different societies, the objective is simply the same; to protect the fundamental rights of individuals within the society (Grant, 1987 p12). Therefore, this essay will argue on the role and importance of law, as advocated for by two different scholars, namely Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Discussion The prime essence of law in the society is to regulate social behavior (Brown, 1965 p7). ... However, according to Thomas Hobbes, who was a renowned English philosopher, the major problem that exists in the world is that of establishing political and social order (Dietz, 1990 p114). Therefore, the fundamental question regarding social interaction is on how people can live together, without the danger and fear of conflict. This forms the basis of his Moral and Political Philosophy, which postulates that to realize peaceful coexistence in the society full of undue danger and fear of conflict, people should give their obedience to an unaccountable sovereign, which could take the form of an individual or a group that is vested with the powers of deciding on the political and social issues facing the society (Collins, 2005 p45). This point to the inevitable need for some form of law that is vested on certain social institutions, which have the powers to interpret and apply the laws for the common benefit of the society and al individuals, who have committed their obedience to suc h institutions. Thus according to Thomas Hobbes, the need for law in the society stems from the fact that the state of nature is one full of universal insecurity, where all people have the right to fear violent death (Brown, 1965 p12). Therefore, the role of law is to guarantee such people their security, and thus eliminate the danger and fear of violent death that is present in the state of nature, which is likened to a state of civil war. Hobbes further observes that it is practically impossible to achieve a rewarding human cooperation (Franklin, 1978 p61). This is because; individuals will always take advantage of their strengths to dominate over the weaker ones in the society, and thus expose them to the danger and fear of violent death. Thus according

Environment and Health Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environment and Health - Speech or Presentation Example The most advisable way to produce quality food is to grow our crops and animals in an organic manner in our farms. Meaning, we will grow our crops and animals without using GMOs, chemicals and antibiotics in this country (www.gov.uk nd). It may be more expensive to do this but the government can help by providing financial assistance to our farmers. The public can help by willing to buy these quality organic food at a slightly higher price so that it would be economically viable for farmers to grow quality organic crops and animals. The second option is to import quality foods in countries from our neighbouring countries. We have to set our expectation that we cannot import from far flung countries because quality foods that are organic have shorter shelf life. Fruits can be imported as they have longer shelf life compared to vegetables. Making the food and farming industry more competitive while protecting the environment. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2015, from

Media Responsibility and the Privacy of Public Personalities Research Paper

Media Responsibility and the Privacy of Public Personalities - Research Paper Example Soon, the women were being interviewed by the tabloids, Anthony Wiener’s wife was being deluged by reporters, their family peace was shattered. Everywhere, one sees stories of the media trying to outscoop each other in scraping the bottom of the barrel, so to speak, and extracting information about, or even against celebrities, in order to profit. They then invoke the blanket right of press freedom and the Constitutional guarantee of free expression in order to absolve themselves from liability. Those who say that the media should be restrained give several examples of media irresponsibility. Indeed, it is extremely difficult to dispute examples of not only celebrities, but also ordinary people whose lives have been thrown apart by severe media incursions. Nothing is sacred anymore, privacy has become a value of the past. Even the most private confines of one’s home can become fodder for tomorrow’s newspapers. As a result, celebrity endorsements can be lost (Gorm an 1247). With Twitter and other social networking sites, it has become even worse. Everyone is a journalist, and it becomes easier for professional journalists to zero in on what is newsworthy. As stated by Felcher and Rubin (1577), this kind of publicity against real people can â€Å"disrupt their lives, hurt their feelings, or decrease their ability to profit from their names, likeness or other attributes.† However, this paper will argue that there are more disadvantages than advantages when one censors the media. Indeed, the costs of curtailing free speech outweigh the putative benefits of reining in abusive journalists and protecting the privacy of celebrities. This paper will talk about this on three levels. Firstly, this paper will consider it from the Constitutional principle of free speech, arguing that the freedom of expression of the press is one of the bedrocks of a thriving democracy. Secondly, it will argue that the media still remains to be one of the potent me chanisms against abusive public officials and that the risks of public officials abusing their office have greater damage on society than media professionals who abuse their profession. Finally, it will argue that there are corrective remedies to curb media wrongdoing that do not have to involve outright censorship. Free speech as the bedrock of democracy and human rights Free speech remains to be one of the firmest firmaments of democracy. It is usually the first to be taken away when a dictator wants to install himself into power as a free and healthy press is an important indicator of a free and healthy republic. According to Ira Glasser, who was the director of the American Civil Liberties Union, people often fail to realize that when government regulates speech, panoply of First Amendment issues comes to the fore. He states: â€Å"Liberals and Democrats have been the chief offenders in this scenario, favoring equity in the abstract but never seeing how the particular reforms t hey advocated made the problems they wished to remedy worse, and never seeing that giving the government the authority† (2). Free speech is not always the easiest thing to defend. In fact, in many circumstances, our gut tells us that it should be suppressed in favor of some other social policy. An example of this is the notorious case of Citizens United. By way of brief background, the case takes root in 2008 when a non-profit corporation, Citizens United, released a documentary entitled â€Å"

The Supreme Court Essay Example for Free

The Supreme Court Essay FACTS:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This case involves the pupils in a Dade County Junior High School who have filed for damages and declaratory relief with regard to the allegations that the students were subjected to corporal punishment which violated their constitutional rights.   The school board argued in response that such corporal punishment was allowed under the regulations that were released authorizing such punishment to be carried out under strict specifications. ISSUES:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first issue here is whether or not the execution of such corporal punishment falls under the prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment contained in the Eight Amendment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second issue in this case is whether or not the Fourteenth Amendment requires notice and hearing before the imposition of corporal punishment HELD:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anent the first issue, the Supreme Court ruled that the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause under the Eighth Amendment does not apply to disciplinary corporal punishment in schools.   The Supreme Court reasoned that the jurisprudence has consistently maintained that the prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment only applies to protect those who have been charged and convicted of crimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the second issue, the Supreme Court held that notice and hearing is not required for the imposition of the corporal punishment in public schools.   The essential consideration in this matter is that the corporal punishment not exceed the limitations that have been set.

Fault Detection Robot for Underground and Overhead Cables

Fault Detection Robot for Underground and Overhead Cables CAREER EPISODE 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION During my journey of engineering, I completed a project named Fault Detection Robot for Underground and Overhead Cables. It was completed in my 6th semester while pursuing Bachelor of Technology in electronics and communication engineering from Guru Nanak Dev University, Gurdaspur, India. It was performed under the guidance of Prof. Anu Sheetal. The entire project was completed in six months from January 2012 to May 2012. Thus, my very first career episode is based on this project performed by me. 1.2 BACKGROUND Normally most of the companies prefer to lay wires through underground. Wires are laid underground for various purposes. The reason for doing this is to protect the wires from any climatic conditions and changes. But while considering this positive factor there are cons of this method too. There occur problems while laying wires and during service and maintenance it becomes very costly, time consuming and difficult to fix and solve the issue. Also, cable can break due to any reason then it gets difficult to locate them and replace it. Basically, in manual technique of replacing cables, approximate location I found and the cables are dug out and manual checking is done to find the exact point of problem. 1.3 To overcome such challenges, I have designed a robot which can find faults and the place of complaint, making it easy for engineers and technicians to dig a hole at the precise place for error solving and fixation. The technology used behind the working of such robot is electromagnetic theory for detecting the discontinuity of the cable wires. Induced magnetic field is generated when a low frequency based signal can pass through the wire with the help of signal injector, which helps in finding the place of possible defect. The robot can locate the position of the fault or short-circuit issue from external surface and point out the exact place of discontinuity. 1.4 OBJECTIVES The main idea and goal behind employing such project is to benefit the industries laying wires underground for various electronics, electrical or other purpose. In this project an overhead wire fault detection and location system is introduced as the main or fundamental for industrially controlled computers. The project was executed to overcome the problem to repair faulty wires which required the help of experienced and practical trained operators. The accuracy and precision of short circuit fault detection is improved and upgraded by using the combinations of different methods like current rate of change and zero detection are used, along with using different and new technology based hardware and software. Features like 5th harmonic current and ground phase voltage drop was integrated to it. The project was used and put to operation and it worked in good running condition. 1.5 MY WORK DUTIES To implement and achieve success in this project, I started planning on how to approach the problem statement and what could be the possible solution for it. which followed by initial understanding on the working principle of the project. After making a work flow on the approach, I decided upon the components that were required for its implementation. A budget was made and followed all the time and a safety level was maintained during the progress of the project. Later staged involved in planning and designing of the PCB layout based on the block diagrams and the circuit diagram. Coding was done for the working of the project which was followed by performing certain tests and troubleshooting the whole device to find any faults and resolve them on time. The last stage involved preparation of the presentation and reports. My duties also involved meeting the supervisor weekly and updating her about my project progress. 1.6 PERSONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY The execution part for my project began with outlining and understanding of all possible differences amongst industrial robots, service robots and their process of application or working. Along with that I also analyzed the challenges that are faced due to its application and different methods that could be employed to detect the fault and isolate the faults. I also included few examples for comparison of methods relating the situation. Based on their experimental results, I came up with my block diagram for the project. It has two parts one for the robot and other about the remote. 1.7 After finalizing my initial block diagram, I listed out the components that were required for the hardware structure of the robot and the remote. The components used are described below: 1. For Power Supply    Diodes of 1N4007, Capacitors of 1000 and 100  µf, IC7805, LEDs, Resistors, Push Buttons. Using these components, a power supply consisting of three parts namely, the rectifier unit, filter unit and regulator unit is designed for giving supply to my device. 2. LCD 162    for displaying the location of faults by displaying a message or small written signal 3. Tx IC HT12E 4. Transformer 0-12V and 500mA 5. Motor driver IC L293D 6. RxIC HT12E 7. Buzzer for alerting on finding a fault in the wiring 8. Transistor BC547 9. Motor 60rpm, to drive the robot 10. Microcontroller ATMEGA16, the coding and the program is written and loaded into it for the functioning and signaling of the robot. 11. Magnetic field sensor ZMY20, extremely sensitive sensor which is used for measurement of magnetic field or detection of magnetic ports. It has magneto-resistive effect of thin film perm alloy. 1.8 With the help of above components, I started to design and implement my hardware. I started with designing the power supply and then the robot. After completing the structure for the robot, I made a remote to operate it from a distance with the help of IR radiations. Once my whole device/robot was ready, I mapped a flow chart which described the working and the functioning of the device. The flow chart took lot of efforts as every small point had to be noted for the functioning of the robot. The flowchart can be seen below. 1.9 The core idea behind this robot was for short circuit detection that occur in the underground cable breaks. The continuity of the cables is first checked using a multimeter as the cables are laid across large areas. After detecting the stretch of wire where the problem of discontinuity occurs, the robot is made to use for detecting the final and precise location of the breakage or fault. External remote navigator circuit is used for the robot and it is placed on the cable. A wire is also connected to the signal generator unit. The robot is positioned in such a way that the discontinuity lies in the forward direction and the robot moves along that direction. 1.10 A 3KHz signal is passed through the wire and a power is supplied to the robotic unit. An electromagnetic field is generated as per the Faradays law, after the current starts receiving and moves around. This electromagnetic field will generate a voltage that will be provided using the microcontroller RA0 pin and thus controlling the movement of the robot. On reaching the point of discontinuity the robot will not generate electromagnetic field, which will trigger the buzzer circuit connected to it indicating the fault and location of the issue. The HALL sensor unit can be used and provided to get the exact distance that the robot moves in finding the discontinuity and the LCD module connected to it will display the details. Once the location of fault is found, the cable operators and technicians can dig that ground and resolve the problem easily. 1.11 Based on the working, I planned the flowchart for the coding and programming part of the circuit. I used the software called BASCOM-AVR which supports the 8051 microcontrollers and Atemls AVR microcontrollers. Both coding and testing can be performed using this software. I wrote a code for the below flow chart and successfully loaded it into the microcontroller to check its working. Robokits AVR USB programmer is used to load the program that is made in BASCOM into the microcontroller after generating a HEX file of the program. The best advantage of working on BASCOM is that it has menu options specially for troubleshooting your program. 1.12 After completing both hardware and software part for this robot, I gave it a test run to see its functioning. I faced an issue while running the robot, initially it didnt detect or generate an electromagnetic field which was required to detect the faulty cables. So, I made use of magnetic read switch which could generate magnetic field of 440V or above and It was cheaper than the magnetic field sensors. On considering the safety perspective, there was a risk due to the use of high voltage of 440V. Thus, I decided to use a magnet to generate the require magnetic field and current instead of providing such high voltage supply. So, once the robot senses the magnetic field around the magnetic read switch that is generated with the help of magnet, the buzzer will start to work. Another issue was replacing this component i.e. to replace the magnetic sensor with a magnet because all the connections were done and the circuit could get complicated. To do that, it took lot of patience and it h ad to be done carefully. This was the major problem I encountered during my project. 1.13 SUMMARY Thus, to save the manpower and wastage of time, I developed such robot that detects the faulty cables. I believe it will be helpful to various companies. The robot is designed to be user-friendly and easy to access. It is also cost-effective and controlling and maintenance is very easy. It has lot of scope for expansion, it can be used to detect faults at places which is not accessible by human hand or places which require large amount of safety. 1.14 This project was the first project of my bachelors degree, so it held lot of importance, and it taught me a lot. I gave a final presentation and a report document stating the work I did and the completed working and description of the project. I presented it to my faculty staff and in front of my classmates. I got good help and support from my guide in all difficult situations. It used my basic programming knowledge. It boosted my confidence in my field. I got motivated and inspired to implement and research new projects which would use more advance electronics and telecommunication knowledge.

Whos Responsible for the Death of Eva Smith? :: An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestly Essays

Who's Responsible for the Death of Eva Smith? 'An Inspector Calls' is a play written by J.B. Priestly. Although the play was set in 1912, it was actually written in 1947. It was written after the events that were mentioned in the play, like the First World War and the sinking of the 'Titanic'. It is thought that J. B. Priestly's experience in World War One inspired him to write a story about how cruelly humans treat each other. In the 1910's there was a lot of cruelty and discrimination because of the different classes. The upper classes were cruel to the lower class because they were poorer and worked for the upper classes. Priestly wrote the play to make people aware of the social differences and how nasty people treat each other. If the upper classes were less pompous and treated the lower classes the same as everybody else, the country's wealth would be more evenly spread so there wouldn't be as much discrimination. 'An Inspector Calls' is a play which forces the audience to realise that every judgement made, every action taken, has an effect on another person. Priestly was well known for his involvement in human rights issues. He became known as 'The voice of the common people' The play 'An Inspector Calls' was written to show an audience about human cruelty. The inspector was there to show the family how nasty they are and he is trying to make them think about what they have done to make Eva kill herself. The inspector may have represented J.B. Priestly and he used the family to show the audience how he feels about the cruelty that goes on. The Inspector could have been a spirit, the name sounds like ghoul - Goole. He could have been representing the ghost of Eva Smith and he was trying to show the family how much they made Eva suffer. This can be shown by what the inspector said: "A pretty, lively sort of girl who never did anybody any harm. But she died in misery and agony-hating life-" and "She was here alone, friendless, almost penniless, desperate. She needed not only money but advice, sympathy, friendliness." The inspector may have represented the voice of conscience. Priestly based the inspector on his views of every day society. The inspector was annoyed with the upper classes because of the way they treated the lower classes. That might be the way Priestly thought and he was trying to get his points of view noticed by putting them into a play where many people would take notice. Priestly was also trying to say that society as a whole is responsible for tragedies, no one person