Thursday, August 27, 2020

Country Ghrammer Essays - Shimmy, NIG, Down Down Baby, Free Essays

Nation Ghrammer Essays - Shimmy, NIG, Down Baby, Free Essays Nation Ghrammer Well, I'm going down child yo road in a Range Rover Road Sweeper infant positioned prepared to release it Shimmy cocoa wha hear it out at this point Illuminate it and take a puff, pass it to me now Well, I'm going down infant yo road in a Range Rover Road Sweeper child positioned prepared to release it Shimmy cocoa wha hear it out at this point Illuminate it and take a puff, pass it to me now (Nelly) You can discover me, in St. Louis rollin on names Smoking names in clubs, blowin up like cocoa puff Sippin Bud, gettin perved and getting named Daps and embraces, mean mugs and shoulder shrugs Also, it's all in light of the fact that, collected enough stretch Just to explore it, completely enriched on chrome Furthermore, it's treats painted, fans blacked out While I'm engaging, wild ain't it How me and mugs, I hang with Hannibal Lector (Hot sh*t) So feel me when I bring it, sing it boisterous wha I'm from the Loop and I'm pleased Run a mile for the reason I'm upright exempt from the laws that apply to everyone else Playa my style's crude I'm Born to Mack like Todd Shaw Disregard the acclaim, and the allure Give me D's mind an elastic mallet My punctuation be's ebonics, gin tonic and constant Fuc* bionic it's unexpected, slammin nig*as like Onyx Crazy people until the day I pass on I run progressively game then the Bulls and Sonics Theme 2X (Nelly) Who state beautiful young men can't be wild nig*as Noisy nig*as, O.K. Corral nig*as Foul nig*as, run in the club and bust in the group nig*a How nig*a, ask me again it's going down nig*a Presently nig*a, go to the carnival and watch me jokester nig*a Pound nig*a, what you be givin when I'm around nig*a Scowl nig*as, talkin sh*t when I leave the town nig*a State currently, can you tools come join the fun at this point Hello I'm, prepared to cut you up any day now Play by, my standards boo and you gon' remain high May I, answer yo third inquiry like hello I State hey, to my nig*as left in the slamma From St. Louis to Memphis From Texas back up to Indiana, Chi-Town K.C. Motown to Alabama L-A, New York Yankee niggas to Hotlanta, Louisiana Every one of my niggas mind Country Grammar Smokin blunts in Savannah Blow thirty factory like I'm Hammer Melody 2X (Nelly) We should demonstrate these felines to make these milli-ons So you nig*as quit acting senseless, mon My +Kid+ snappier than +Billy+, mon Talking truly and I need it mon, adversaries I keep filly mon 'Uniquely off Remi, mon, keys to my Beemer, mon Holla at Beenie Man, see me, mon Cheifin rollin more profound than any mon, through Jennings mon Through U-City back up to Kingsland, mind decent nig*as Sheist nig*as, who grab yo life nig*a, trife nig*as Who produce and sell a similar beat twice, nig*a, ice nig*a All over near never calm From broke to havin mixture, 'cause my value Range is Rover Presently I'm knockin like Jehovah Give me access currently, let me in now Bill Gates Donald Trumph let me in, we turn now I got cash to loan my companions now, we in now Candy Benz, Kenwood and 10s now (Whoo!) Fu**in lesbian twins now Seein now, through the pen I make my finishes now Book index A site

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Creative writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exploratory writing - Essay Example The Introduction of the paper properly recognizes the highlights and components of the malady being referred to, GSD. The writers of the article suitably set up the job of the infection with regards to the network and society nearby. The sociological and organic components of the sickness is talked about altogether and three significant factors are presented: These issues are talked about basically and properly through the assessment of existing information and other logical diaries. This is definitive in light of the fact that the usage of auxiliary sources expand on believable and built up sources and it is applied properly to give significant direction to a current research (MacFarlene, et al., 2014). The basic survey of ideas and speculations in the presentation give path for the detailing of a theory. A speculation is a conditional explanation that is tried for its honesty and lie in an examination (Lam, 2013). In this paper, the author appear to offer an exceptionally unclear expression which doesn't appear to give a solid theory that can be utilized as a reason for legitimate theorisation. It expresses that â€Å"There will be a noteworthy relationship between chose segment factors and hazard variables of cholilithiasis†. In image terms the examination is to assess the connection between segment factors and dangers of GSD. The autonomous factors are the segment factors while the needy factors are dangers of GSD. Be that as it may, they are not plainly characterized and adjusted suitably giving a few inclinations of haphazardness and assertion in the inevitable end. The investigation uses a cross-sectional examination strategy. A cross-sectional examination is an expressive report in which sickness and introduction statuses are estimated all the while in a given populace (Kern, et al., 2013). This accompanies some natural

Friday, August 21, 2020

Financial Need Essay Writing

Financial Need Essay WritingThere are a wide variety of college scholarship essay samples available. Each requires specific skill sets and the student must be able to use these skills in order to write a successful essay.One of the most common forms of college scholarship essay samples is the essay about financial need. Students need to use their knowledge of budgeting, knowledge of statistics, and knowledge of actual accounts in order to come up with an argument for why they should be given money. This form of essay writing is not easy, but students who are good at using all three tools can turn out a very impressive piece of writing. Students also need to know how to organize their thoughts and present them in an effective manner.Students who choose to write a college scholarship essay about financial need will need to organize their thoughts in several different ways. The first thing they will need to do is to research financial aid. The best way to do this is by doing some resear ch online. Students can usually find out what is being offered at their school and determine how much they would qualify for if they applied for a loan. It is important to do some research and find out the estimated amount of money a school offers before students write the essay.Next, students will need to take an objective look at their situation to decide whether or not they meet the criteria for a college scholarship for financial need. Students should try to determine how much they would need to live on. They should also consider how much tuition and other fees would be for a full-time college student. By setting some realistic budget numbers for themselves, students will be better able to explain to the committee the reason they deserve the award.Students should also spend some time writing a scholarship essay about financial need. They will need to present an argument that will make them a better person than the average person in their situation. A good way to do this is to sh ow how the student's abilities will actually allow them to benefit from the money the committee will be giving them.Many essay writers include a 'dynamic reader' essay sample, which is a type of college scholarship essay samples that is based on the research techniques used by professional writers. Students who write dynamic reader essays often end up being better than the average essay writer because they are better able to make persuasive arguments and express a sense of unique individuality. Students who write academic essay samples that are based on the most professional-looking authors' websites are also able to win higher scholarships than those who try to sound like them.The best way to learn how to effectively craft a scholarship essay sample is to read as many of the best scholarship essay samples as possible. Many students will benefit from reading sample essays by professional writers and will then be able to use the skill sets they learn to write their own better essay. This will also help students learn how to organize their thoughts and present them in a way that is effective. In order to become the best writer, students need to read a wide variety of scholarship essay samples and take some time to get better at writing.By writing a short essay, students will gain experience in the writing process and will learn what it takes to write a well-written essay. Students will be able to understand how to write the essay they need and they will learn to improve upon the work they have already done.

Monday, May 25, 2020

Construction Of The Natural Environment - 1537 Words

. INTRODUCTION: Nigeria like other developing countries is undergoing rapid growth accompanied by rapid development pressure with high demand for Housing and Infrastructure as a result of population growth. In 2000 the United Nation food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) found that â€Å"the role of population dynamics in local setting may vary from decisive to negligible and that deforestation can result from â€Å"a combination of population pressure and stagnation of economy, social and technological condition†. The present administration of Niger State Government embarked on mass constructions projects in order to reduce the alarming demands of housing. This leads to the obliteration of the natural environment Forests are being destroyed for several reasons, among which are the continued urbanization of the world and thus the need for construction of roads and buildings. The need for fuel and timber for construction is another major factor leading to deforestation (Domries and Salati, 1 991). However, over half of the worlds tropical rainforest have already been destroyed, and they are continuing to be destroyed today (Dowroes 1991). Moreover, the nature of construction in Nigeria has visibly affected the environment. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Nigeria is faced with so many challenges from enforcement of laws governing the necessity of EIA in some projects by relevant agencies of Government to collation of adequate baseline data and implementation processes of theShow MoreRelatedHow Construction and the Built Environment can Both Benefit and Harm the Natural Environment1691 Words   |  7 PagesHow Construction and the Built Environment can Both Benefit and Harm the Natural Environment Since its earliest days, the Human Race has sought to bend the natural environment to its will; since the first Man (or woman!) cut the first branch from a tree, a battle has been fought between mankind and Mother Nature. Rivers have been dammed, forests cleared away and mountains levelled in our quest to mould the environment to our needs. Our blinkered onslaught against the planetRead MoreAssess the potential environmental impact of a proposed construction project on the local natural environment.3307 Words   |  14 PagesUnit 2 M1 Assess the potential environmental impact of a proposed construction project on the local natural environment. Potential construction project for The City of Liverpool College - LAX Author: Matthew Ellis Introduction: I have been asked to put together a report for the potential construction project for The City Of Liverpool College. The current site being looked at is on Roscoe Street. I will be discussing the consequences which could occur to the buildings in proximity to the site locationRead MoreEnvironmental Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1311 Words   |  6 Pagesunnecessary energy loss (including generating heat loss and lighting loss), is bound to increase electric effect throughout the city, thereby exacerbating urban heat island effect. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Introduction. In this area, we will discuss about energy savings, land savings, water savings and environment protection. For the energy savings we need to promote the use of new and renewable energy sources. Reasonable arrangements for cities’ various functions, and promote urban living, employmentRead MoreThe Earth s Land Resources Essay965 Words   |  4 Pagestherefore, so the lands can be used to living is very few. Green building design through a variety of methods to make the building as a whole in conjunction with the site, the site through the use of natural features to increase the comfort of humans, while reducing the impact of human activities on the environment. For example, site selection principles of green building is to make use of existing building sites, rather refurbished than do not rebuild, so in this way it can save land resources; buildingRead MoreA Brief Note On The Green Building Movement1686 Words   |  7 Pageshuman health and on the damage that is made to the environment before, during and after construction of buildings (â€Å"Green Building†). This process can be successful by using energy, water, and other resources efficiently during the entire building process. Creating more efficient ways of disposing of waste to reduce pollution is also part of the green building process. Green building practices the reduction of waste and impact on the environment duri ng the building process. The first rule thatRead MoreThe Construction Of Green Buildings871 Words   |  4 PagesConstruction of green buildings should be in the intensive land use, based on the optimization of land use, can make full use of industrial waste, in order to protect and use of land resources; and in materials savings, it refers to the structure once construction and renovation put in place, and does not destroy demolition of existing building components and facilities, the avoid duplication of decoration and waste materials; in water conservation, green building requirements and ways to reduceRead MoreSustainability Is Not Green1510 Words   |  6 Pagescare for mother earth. In the context of construction, this means placing plants in buildings, installing green roofs and use local construction materials. Sustainability is much more than a green coat concept draped over buildings. Sustainability is strong, a courageous idea that would change the future. To sustain is to withstand and endure without â€Å"giving away.† A sustainable civilization should not empty natural resources and endanger the environment. To sustain is â€Å"†¦to meet the needs of theRead MoreEnvironmental impact of a housing estate1055 Words   |  5 Pagessector is one of the highest contributors to the degradation of the environment and the excessive global average consumption rate of energy, whether it be from electricity or from natural resources (Marshall Shortle, 2005). In this assignment I will be discussing the energy and material inputs, and the waste outputs of such housing estates throughout their life cycle, and how these may have a direct or indirect impact on the environment. There are a number of phases throughout the life cycle of aRead MoreThe Impact Of Much Wildlife Is Dying Because Of Urbanization?1712 Words   |  7 Pagesabout how it is affecting the environment. Humans have caused irreparable damage so we do not know what we will be able to salvage for future generations. Although our activities, structures, and technologies improve our quality of life, they broadly influence local ecosystems and the Earth s supply of natural resources. Recently, there have been many new establishments installed in rich wildlife areas. This strongly impacts the growth and well-being of the environment. It is only a matter of timeRead MoreBenefits Of Using Recycled Water919 Words   |  4 Pagesconcentration to reduce its emissions to achieve the goal of saving water. Water recycling is the most direct and simple and easy, works fast to save water resource technology roadmap. Saving water at the same time can obtain protection of the water environment results. Ta ke energy-saving cooling tower technology. To expand the scope of the use of recycled water, and reduce the cost of operation of circulating water, makes strategic sense and considerable economic benefits. Water-saving affect as opposed

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Health Care and Sociological Concepts - 1349 Words

Health Care and Sociological Concepts It is health that is real wealth and not pieces of gold and silver. The American Health Care Industry is a very large social institution. The health care is the care, servicers, or supplies related to a person`s health. The three major sociological orientations are functionalist, conflict, and interactions; we will discuss each perspective as it pertains to the health care industry. Functionalism considers each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to societys functioning as a whole. On the other hand the perspective received criticism that, functionalism does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit†¦show more content†¦Health insurance is used to supplement the outrageous cost of medical care and is out of reach to many United States residents. New data indicates 50.7 million Americans are without private health care insurance and the outlook is grim due to the erosion of the economy a nd employer-based insurance plans. Federal programs attempt to provide basic or restricted coverage to the one out of every six Americans stretching the systems already limited resources. These constraints leave the uninsured with few choices, less comprehensive care, long wait times, and increased frustration within poor communities. Conflict theorist lack to see the progress that medicine has reached, life expectancy is higher, infant mortality rates are lower, the development of vaccines for many infectious diseases, allowing many people to live longer, and healthier lives. In last century the medicine reached unbelievable high`s, if in last century people where dyeing from tuberculosis, now we have the cure and control the diabetes. Even though there is a long way to go, today health care compare to the last centuries is more advanced and can diagnose and cure many times more than before. For example the technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), although expensiv e and not accessible to everyone, who can benefit, have had major impact on healthcare system. The symbolic internationalists would be interested in the effectsShow MoreRelatedColonialism and the Indigenous Australians1151 Words   |  5 Pagesthreat to the health of Indigenous Australians. Inherent in colonialism were scientific racisms, institutional racism and structural violence. These factors continues to persist in the fabric of Australian society today and limits the life chances of Indigenous Australians. This essay illuminates colonialism as a major contributor to the social marginalisation and low socioeconomic status experienced by indigenous Australian. An analysis of Aboriginal infant mortality rate, a health indicator highlightsRead MoreMedical Sociology Is Usually Referred To As The Sub Branch1539 Words   |  7 Pages Medical sociology is usually referred to as the sub branch of sociology that explores and analyses the social causes and subsequent outcomes pertaining to health and illness (Cockerham, 2014). In this context mention may be made of the health st atus of individuals and populations that are not uniform and consistent thereby leads to inequity. The factors governing these disparities do not necessarily emanate from the genetic predispositions of the concerned person but is largely dependent upon factorsRead MoreSociological Knowledge in Nursing Essays1301 Words   |  6 Pages2009 p.2). Nursing is a health care profession which concentrates in supporting individuals, their families, and societies as a whole in preserving, attaining and improving best possible health and functioning (Kozier, et al., 2010 pp. 8-9). Sociological knowledge plays a dynamic and elementary role within nursing profession. Besides medical knowledge a nurse needs to be socially aware of a client’s social values. In today’s society, nursing goes further than focusing on health related problems to incorporateRead MoreSociology and Psychology 823 Words   |  4 Pageswhich social structure and institutions affect our everyday life. Sociolo gical imagination was founded by C. Wright mills in the 1950`s it is an overall understanding of that some of the things that happen in society may lead to a particular outcome. Mills said it is â€Å"the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and wider society.† sociological imagination can also be defined as the ability to look at how sociological situations can unfold due to how everyone is different. The way weRead MoreThe Sociological Perspective On Medical Conditions1687 Words   |  7 Pagespoor health. On a different note, the sociological perspective takes on a different approach to explain medical conditions. The sociological perspective focuses on the external influences, rather than then internal influences, such as the social environment, institutions, and relationships to assess and explain illness. The sociological perspective contains the following theories to support its assessment of illness and they are: stigma, labeling theory, and medical ization. These three concepts playRead MoreCore Concept Across Nursing Theories Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesCore Concept across Nursing Theories Nursing is a practice or field that must be based on nursing theories, which contributes to the consideration of nursing discipline as a profession. The significance of nursing theories in the practice is attributed to their provision of direction and guidance for arranging professional nursing education, research, and practice. Nursing theories also distinguishes the focus of this discipline from other professions since they provide directions regarding evaluationRead MoreApproaches to Health1526 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious sociological perspectives on health as well as the models and definitions of health and ill health. These topics will assist in the understanding of how different people and different cultures react to ill health. 1.1-CONTRASTING SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH In modern society there is a general consensus that ‘good health’ is something that everyone wants to experience and that each individual knows what this involves. Because there are so many different definitions of health and illRead MoreSocial And Emotional Mental Health857 Words   |  4 Pagespreviously or are currently suffering from depression. As a result, the aims of this artwork fabrication are to represent the ideological concepts that having depression is not a task which can be overcome as a single individual. Correspondingly, this creates a link between the sociological concepts of stigmatization and institutionalisation whilst encompassing mental health. Congruently, the visual representation is designed to capture the lived experience of individuals which have gone through the darkRead MorePublic Health Facility And Other Health Care Facility1735 Words   |  7 Pagesthis public health facility and other health care facility is the level of professionals and the power dimension between the staff and the residents. In hospitals, clinics, and alternative medicine offices, the professional holds a high power and authority over the patients. In the lodge, the staff members are there to give orientations so that patients and caregivers are aware of the policies and to provide any assistance that the patients would need. The staffs are not health care professionalsRead MoreMarxism and Health Care1239 Words   |  5 PagesHow does one theoretical perspective discussed in chapter two contribute to a deeper sociological understanding of health and health care? For many years sociological approaches towards health were not adequately utilised as a means of gaining an enriched understanding of concurrent physical and social issues relating to health care. The application of theoretical perspectives in reference to health emerged during the 1950’s and was commonly perceived as being empirical rather then theoretical in

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Wireless Technologies Stationary Wireless Applications

Questions: 1.Compare and contrast three data encryption standards for WiMAX networks?2.Research the security challenges for any two examples of WPAN technologies. Answers: 1. WiMAX is a developing wireless technology based on IEEE 802.16 standard (Alzaabi1, Ranjeeth Alukaidey Salman 2013). WiMAX has been designed to work with mobile, immobile or stationary wireless applications (TechTarget, 2010).Security is particularly critical in wireless networks such as WiMAX (Alzaabi1 et al., 2013). Security mechanisms in WiMAX are defined in IEEE 802.16e (Alzaabi1 et al., 2013).One of the mechanism used to secure data in WiMAX is data encryption. Data encryption is the process of converting a message into a scrambled structure for security purposes (Forouzan, 2013).AES, 3DES and RSA are some of the data encryption mechanism used in WiMAX networks. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a new encryption standard commended by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. AES procedures works with 128 bits and can use keys with lengths of either 128, 192, or 256 bits. For 128 bits the process takes 10 rounds, for 192 bits it takes 12 rounds and 256 bits takes 14 rounds to decrypt a message (Youssouf, Othman, Siraj Nkiama, 2016). 3DES stands for Triple Data Encryption Standard. It was designed to look into weaknesses in Data Encryption Standard (DES).DES uses a 56-bit key and is not adequate enough in offering enough security.3DES lengthens the key size of DES by implementing thrice(56*3) making it longer and more secure. The RSA encryption standard is named after Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman the people behind its development in 1978(Rani1, Anil Chawla, 2011a).RSA standard is based on a public-key cryptography and is fit for authentication and encryption. RSA adopts three steps including generating keys, encryption and decryption (Rani1, Anil Chawla, 2011b). Some similarities in AES, 3DES and RSA include Keys are based on mathematical characteristics After a period of time, key strength decrease Faster computation time, if the algorithm has many Table 1 below compares encryption mechanism used in WiMAX in terms of their key length, cipher type, block size, encryption speed and level of security. FACTORS AES 3DES RSA Key length 128bits 168 bits(n1,n2,and n3) 112 bits(n1 and n2) Dependant on the number of bits Cipher Type Symmetric code Symmetric code Asymmetric code Block size (bits) 128bits 64bits variable Encryption Speed fast Very slow slowest Level of Security Excellent security Adequate security Least secure Table 1: Comparison of AES, 3DES and RSA (Gurpreet Supriya 2013) 2. WPAN stands for Wireless Personal Area Network. WPAN is designed to cover short-distances and supports mobile computing devices including mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs),barcode readers, sensors, printers, desktop computers and handheld computers.( Mallick, 2008).Some examples of WPAN technologies include: Blue Tooth Bluetooth is a technology designed to connect both mobile and immobile electronic devices. It covers between thirty feet or ten meters. Devices including cell phones, PDAs, desktop computers and other portable devices can connect together without cable (Niem, 2002a). Figure 1 below shows a simple illustration of Bluetooth WPAN technology. Figure 1: Blue tooth WPAN (Niem, 2002b) Some security challenges in blue tooth technology include: Blue bugging is a process whereby intruders remotely gain unauthorized access to cell phones and manipulate its features without the owner realizing whats happening. This usually results in depletion of phone resources and make phone bills expensive for the user (Jennings, 2016a). Denial of Service (DoS) attacks - A DoS is an attack that holds system resources and blocks optimal user access. Attackers can intrude devices connected with Bluetooth and drain their system resources (Jennings, 2016b). ZigBee ZigBee is a developing standard for devices that use low-power (Dini Tiloca, n.d.). It allows control of remote devices and sensor applications especially in isolated locations (Radio Electronics, n.d.). Applications implementing this technology comprise of electrical meter systems, wireless switches, some traffic systems, and other wireless components (Wikipedia, 2016). ZigBee security challenges Difficult to achieve procedures including encryption, key management, and key exchange since they use a lot of power. System vulnerabilities due to low power consumption It is possible to access if no proper protection measures Firmware can be accessed and analyze and manipulated including cryptographic keys, digital certificates and application particulars making the standard a vulnerability References Alzaabi1, M., Ranjeeth, R, D., Alukaidey, T Salman,K. (2013). Security algorithms for WiMAX. International Journal of Network Security Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.5, No.3, May 2013 Bhanot, R Hans, R. (2015). A Review and Comparative Analysis of Various Encryption Algorithms. International Journal of Security and Its Applications Vol. 9, No. 4 (2015), pp. 289-306 https://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsia.2015.9.4.27 Dini,G. Tiloca,M.(n.d). Considerations on Security in ZigBee Networks Forouzan, B, A. (2013) Data Communications and Networking, 5th Edition, McGraw-HilI Jennings, R. (2016), A Review of Bluetooth Attacks. Retrieved from https://www.webroot.com Mallick, M. (2008). Mobile and Wireless Design Essentials. Retrieved from www. https://etutorials.org/ Niem, T. (2002). Bluetooth And Its Inherent Security Issues. Retrieved from www. https://www.sans.org Radio Electronics. (n.d).Retrieved from https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/zigbee/zigbee.php Rani1,M., Anil, R Chawla, R(2011).Review of public key cryptography on WiMAX using RSA algorithm. E-ISSN0976-7916. JERS/Vol. II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/219-222 Singh, G Supriya.(2013). A Study of Encryption Algorithms (RSA, DES, 3DES and AES) for Information Security. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 67 No.19, April 2013 Stalling,W.(n.d).Cryptography and Network Security chapter-9. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA Tech Target (2010).WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). Retrieved from https://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/ Wikipedia. (2016).Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee Youssouf, M., Othman, S., Siraj, M Nkiama, H (2016). Comparative Study of AES, Blowfish, CAST-128 and DES Encryption Algorithm. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719 Vol. 06, Issue 06 (June. 2016), ||V1|| PP 01-07